{"id":175,"date":"2026-01-27T01:47:50","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T01:47:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/?page_id=175"},"modified":"2026-02-22T13:21:44","modified_gmt":"2026-02-22T13:21:44","slug":"charge-and-current","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/es\/charge-and-current\/","title":{"rendered":"4.1 Charge and Current"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Topic<\/h4>\n

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Charge and Current<\/h1>\n

This unit introduces the fundamental ideas of electric charge and current. Students explore how charges move, how current flows, and the principles that govern electrical circuits. By mastering these basics, learners gain the foundation needed for advanced topics in electricity and electronics.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin_tablet=”-30px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column_inner type=”1_2″ saved_specialty_column_type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_text=”Start Learning” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”12px” button_text_color=”#ffffff” button_bg_color=”#007aff” button_border_width=”0px” button_border_radius=”100px” button_letter_spacing=”2px” button_font=”PT Sans|900||on|||||” button_use_icon=”off” custom_margin_tablet=”40px||40px||true|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|tablet” custom_padding=”20px|24px|20px|24px|true|true” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_blur=”28px” box_shadow_spread=”-10px” box_shadow_color=”rgba(0,122,255,0.33)” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” box_shadow_color__hover=”#2585b2″ box_shadow_blur__hover_enabled=”off” box_shadow_blur__hover=”20px” box_shadow_vertical__hover_enabled=”off” box_shadow_vertical__hover=”10px”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=”1_2″ saved_specialty_column_type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/tutor-09.png” _builder_version=”4.16″ positioning=”absolute” vertical_offset=”-10px” horizontal_offset=”-115px” z_index=”1″ vertical_offset_tablet=”-60px” vertical_offset_phone=”” vertical_offset_last_edited=”on|phone” width=”100%” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/tutor-13.png” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_height_tablet=”400px” max_height_phone=”” max_height_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin=”|-10vw|0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/tutor-10.png” _builder_version=”4.16″ positioning=”absolute” position_origin_a=”bottom_left” vertical_offset=”-33px” horizontal_offset=”-80px” width=”100%” scroll_vertical_motion_enable=”on” scroll_vertical_motion=”0|50|50|100|2|0|-2″ scroll_rotating_enable=”on” scroll_rotating=”0|50|50|100|30\u00b0|0|-30\u00b0” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”About” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ text_font=”PT Sans||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”1.8em” header_2_font=”Playfair Display|700|||||||” header_2_font_size=”50px” header_2_line_height=”1.3em” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”32px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Key Concepts<\/h2>\n
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[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb title=”Charge and Current” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”||divi||400″ icon_color=”#007aff” icon_placement=”left” content_max_width=”800px” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ header_font=”PT Sans|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#2a3749″ header_font_size=”16px” header_line_height=”1.9em” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”Moving Charges” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”||divi||400″ icon_color=”#007aff” icon_placement=”left” content_max_width=”800px” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ header_font=”PT Sans|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#2a3749″ header_font_size=”16px” header_line_height=”1.9em” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”Kirchhoff\u2019s First Law” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”||divi||400″ icon_color=”#007aff” icon_placement=”left” content_max_width=”800px” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ header_font=”PT Sans|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#2a3749″ header_font_size=”16px” header_line_height=”1.9em” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”Mean Drift Velocity” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”||divi||400″ icon_color=”#007aff” icon_placement=”left” content_max_width=”800px” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ header_font=”PT Sans|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#2a3749″ header_font_size=”16px” header_line_height=”1.9em” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text quote_border_weight=”8px” quote_border_color=”#f9ce6e” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ header_2_font=”Playfair Display|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#2A3749″ header_2_font_size=”42px” header_2_line_height=”1.1em” header_3_font=”Playfair Display|700|||||||” header_3_font_size=”40px” header_3_line_height=”1.2em” custom_padding=”||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”38px” header_2_font_size_phone=”25px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_3_font_size_phone=”24px” header_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

\n

Milestones in the History of Electricity<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ text_font=”PT Sans||||||||” text_text_color=”#62748a” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”1.8em” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”14px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>600 BC<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Thales of Miletus<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>discovers that amber attracts feathers and other lightweight materials when rubbed – the first reference to static electricity.<\/span><\/p>\n

1752\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Benjamin Franklin<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>suggests flying a kite in a thunderstorm to test whether lightning is a form of electricity.<\/span><\/p>\n

1781\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Luigi Galvani<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>connected the nerves of a dead frog to a long metal wire during a thunderstorm and discovers “animal electricity”.<\/span><\/p>\n

1800\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Alessandro Volta<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>constructs the voltaic pile – essentially a battery, so electricity was now available at the flick of a switch.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ text_font=”PT Sans||||||||” text_text_color=”#62748a” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”1.8em” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”14px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

1821\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Michael Faraday<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>demonstrates an electric motor – useful work can now be extracted.<\/span><\/p>\n

1880\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Thomas Edison<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>develops light bulbs that last 1200 hours – the race was now on to electrify a nation.<\/span><\/p>\n

1897\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Joseph Thomson<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>discovers that cathode rays are negatively charged with a charge-to-mass ratio about 2000 times higher than the smallest known atom, he’d found the first sub-atomic particle.<\/span><\/p>\n

1913\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Robert Millikan<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>shows that charge is quantised and the elusive properties of the electron are revealed!<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Call to Action” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#007aff” width=”90%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”80px||80px||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”60px||60px||true|false” custom_padding_phone=”40px||40px||true|false” border_radii=”on|30px|30px|30px|30px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ header_2_font=”Playfair Display|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#ffffff” header_2_font_size=”50px” header_2_line_height=”1.3em” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”32px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Build Essential Electricity Skills<\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.5″ text_font=”PT Sans||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”1.8em” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”14px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Electric charge and current are the starting point for everything electrical \u2014 from simple bulb circuits to complex electronic systems. Master the flow of electricity, build confidence, and connect physics to real\u2011world applications.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_text=”Get Started” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”12px” button_text_color=”#ffffff” button_bg_color=”#2A3749″ button_border_width=”0px” button_border_radius=”100px” button_letter_spacing=”2px” button_font=”PT Sans|700||on|||||” button_use_icon=”off” custom_padding=”20px|30px|20px|30px|true|true” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” box_shadow_color__hover=”#2585b2″ box_shadow_blur__hover_enabled=”off” box_shadow_blur__hover=”20px” box_shadow_vertical__hover_enabled=”off” box_shadow_vertical__hover=”10px” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Testimonials” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_enable_color=”off” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_testimonial author=”Jeanne Marie ” job_title=”Student” portrait_url=”https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/person-03.jpg” quote_icon=”off” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ body_font=”PT Sans||on||||||” body_font_size=”15px” body_line_height=”1.9em” author_font=”PT Sans|700|||||||” author_text_color=”#2a3749″ author_font_size=”18px” use_background_color=”off” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Justin\u2019s lessons on charge and current were clear and engaging, making complex concepts easy to understand. Highly recommended!<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_testimonial][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_testimonial author=”Samantha Collins” job_title=”Student” portrait_url=”https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/portrait-square-12.jpg” quote_icon=”off” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ body_font=”PT Sans||on||||||” body_font_size=”15px” body_line_height=”1.9em” author_font=”PT Sans|700|||||||” author_text_color=”#2a3749″ author_font_size=”18px” use_background_color=”off” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

I struggled with understanding electric current, but Justin\u2019s clear explanations and examples helped me master the topic effortlessly.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_testimonial][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_testimonial author=”Jason Lee” job_title=”Student” portrait_url=”https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/portrait-square-05.jpg” quote_icon=”off” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ body_font=”PT Sans||on||||||” body_font_size=”15px” body_line_height=”1.9em” author_font=”PT Sans|700|||||||” author_text_color=”#2a3749″ author_font_size=”18px” use_background_color=”off” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Justin\u2019s teaching on charge and current was outstanding. He broke down the concepts, making them accessible and interesting.<\/p>\n

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Let’s Learn Together!<\/h2>\n

If you\u2019ve fallen out of love with Physics; you\u2019re struggling with the mathematical nature of the subject; you\u2019re not sure how to revise effectively or demonstrate your knowledge when it comes to exams; you really need to secure a top grade to get into your dream university or next step. It\u2019s time to get in touch and get you back on track!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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7739383953<\/a><\/p>\n

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justin.palfreyman@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

TopicCharge and Current This unit introduces the fundamental ideas of electric charge and current. Students explore how charges move, how current flows, and the principles that govern electrical circuits. By mastering these basics, learners gain the foundation needed for advanced topics in electricity and electronics.Key Concepts Milestones in the History of Electricity c.\u00a0600 BC\u00a0Thales of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-175","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n4.1 Charge and Current - Dr P 4 Physics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorp4physics.co.uk\/es\/charge-and-current\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"4.1 Charge and Current - Dr P 4 Physics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"TopicCharge and Current This unit introduces the fundamental ideas of electric charge and current. 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